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ST. ANDREW, 



1HE 



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tron Saint of Scotland. 



BY 



HOX. THOMAS L. TULLOCK. 



FROM THE GRANITE MONTHLY 

APRIL, 1882. 



CONCORD, N. H. : 

PRINTED EY EV-A-JNTS «Sc SLEEPEIR 

1882. 






;£ 



SAINT ANDREW, 

THE PATRON SAINT OF SCOTLAND, 



IN accordance with a time-honored and much cherished custom, the Saint 
Andrew's Society of Washington, assembles annually, on the evening of the 
30th of November, to celebrate the festival of St. Andrew, the Patron Saint 
of Scotland. This anniversary has, with few exceptions, been regularly com- 
memorated by the Society since its organization. The meetings have uniformly 
been characterized by good cheer and fraternal greetings, and have proved 
profitable as well as agreeable reunions of the Sons of Auld Scotia, whose 
homes are in this beautiful Capital of our nation. Thus are revived recollec- 
tions of old friendships, while new ones are created and cemented ; and thus, 
too, above all, is kept alive and strengthened our love for both our native land 
and our adopted country, while to us of Scotch lineage only, is renewed and 
refreshed our interest in our ancestral home. 

After a thorough research of authorities for information relating to the event- 
ful life and exalted character of so distinguished a personage as St. Andrew, I 
have to regret the limited record concerning him. The commemoration of the 
anniversary of the Apostle's death, as a national holiday and festival, by the 
Scottish people, was no doubt first observed by them in the year 359, 
and from that time to the present it has been generally celebrated in Scotland 
as the great religious and social festival of the nation. And on this their 
gala-day, the 30th of November, Scotchmen wherever congregated revive the 
memories of the past, and with appropriate festivities celebrate this time- 
honored anniversary. 

Upon what appears to be equally reliable authority, St. Andrew was admitted 
into the Masonic Calendar, on the 30th of November, 1737, when his anniver- 
sary was adopted by the fraternity as an annual festival also, and that day is 
now everywhere recognized by the brethren of the mystic tie. There are some 
who contend that the festival of St. Andrew was placed at the head of the holi- 
days beginning at Advent, from the circumstance of his having been the first 
who found the Saviour, as well as the first who brought others to Him. In the 
Book of Common Prayer, are the Collect, Epistle and Gospel appointed by the 
church specially for St. Andrew's day. In the niches of the ecclesiastical 
year devoted to eminent saints, this Apostle has a prominent place. For 
centuries all who kept Saint's days have publicly assembled to celebrate his 
name and work. 






Other countries than Scotland have their tutelar Saints. England honors St. 
George, who is represented on horseback, clad in full armor with a vanquished 
dragon at his feet. Ireland patronises St. Patrick ; while the guardian saint of 
Spain is St. James ; of France, St. Denis ; of Italy, St. Anthony ; and of Wales, 
St. David. The patron Saints of Genoa, are St. George, St. Lawrence and St. 
John the Baptist. On the piazzetta at Venice, their are two granite columns, 
one bearing the " Winged Lion of St. Mark," the emblem of the tutelary Saint 
of Venice ; the other, St. Theodore on a crocodile, the patron of the ancient 
Republic. St. Michael is regarded as the patron or guardian angel of the 
Jews. 

But this is a degression. I will not test your patience by reference to other 
celebrities, but proceed at once to present the historical and legendary account 
of our own revered patron Saint, who is also the patron of Russia, Hungary 
and Burgundy. In this effort to throw some new light upon the history of St. 
Andrew, and to illustrate his character, I shall necessarily blend to a very large 
extent, the authentic record of Scripture with statements which rest alone on 
tradition. 

Without elaborately quoting authorities, or citing passages of Scripture which 
refer to St. Andrew or his ministry, I have to say that his name signifies manly, 
and is of Greek origin : aner — aneros, or andros — man. He was one of the 
twelve Apostles who were commissioned to preach the Gospel, and appears as 
one of the confidential disciples who accompanied the Saviour in his earthly 
mission. He was born in Bethsaida, a town in Galilee, situated on the shore 
of Lake Tiberias, in Palestine, and near the head at its northern extremity. 
The country adjacent abounded in deer, and the sea in fish, and therefore 
hunting and fishing were both the pastime and occupation of many of its inhabi- 
tants. To this locality Jesus frequently resorted. Andrew was a younger 
brother of Simon Peter. Their father's name was Jonas, and the vocation of 
himself and sons was that of fishermen. Being a disciple of St. John the 
Baptist, who at the fords of the Jordan had expressly designated Jesus as the 
Lamb of God, Andrew was led to receive Llim as the Messiah, and was dis- 
tinguished as the " First Called " of the disciples, and to the Master he brought 
his brother Simon, afterwards called Peter, and hence is named by some of the 
fathers as " The Rock before the Rock." Neither of them, however, became 
at that time the stated attendants on our Lord. Pursuing their humble occu- 
pation as fishermen, they were not called by Jesus to follow Him, until after the 
imprisonment of John. This was about twelve months after Simon's introduc- 
tion to Christ. Then Andrew and Peter, together with James and John, were 
personally called by our Lord when passing through Galilee. Finding them 
fishing upon the sea of Tiberias, he gave them a miraculous draught of fishes, 
thereby demonstrating his divine power. They left their nets and followed 
Him. The employment of most of the twelve Apostles, if not of all of them, 
with the exception of Matthew, a tax-gatherer, was probably the laborious occu- 
pation of fishermen. Paul was a tent-maker. 

The principal incidents mentioned in the Gospels, in which St. Andrew's name 
occurs during the life of Christ, are the feeding of the five thousand. It was 
Andrew who said, " There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves and two 
small fishes." His introduction to our Lord at Jerusalem, during the 
Passover week, of certain Greeks who desired to see Him, which, together 
with his having brought his brother Peter to the Saviour after announcing to 
him " we have found the Messiah," caused him to be called the " Intro- 
ducer to Christ." Another incident was his asking with other disciples, 
Peter, John and James, for a further explanation of what our Lord had said in 
reference to the destruction of the Temple. Andrew was with St. John the 



Baptist, the day following the baptism of Jesus, when our Lord was saluted by 
John, who exclaimed, " Behold the Lamb of God," and Andrew followed Him. 
He was also present with the mother of Jesus and with the other disciples, at the 
marriage in Cana of Galilee, and witnessed the miracle there wrought by the 
Saviour, Aher they were called by Jesus while fishing in the lake, and were 
made " fishers of men," Andrew and his brother Peter were regular in their 
attendance upon Him, and in the prosecution of their new mission. Andrew 
received the evidence of Christ's resurrection from Mary Magdelene and the 
other women who had visited the tomb, and he saw Him and heard His voice 
when He said : " Peace be unto you." He was also at Olivet on the ascension 
morning, and with others received the Saviour's blessing. • Andrew and Peter 
after becoming disciples left " Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter," and 
lived in Capernaum. It was at their house that Jesus lodged when He preached 
in that city, and it was also at their house and at the request of both, that He 
cured Peter's wife's mother of a fever. 

It appears that from Christ's disciples who had listened to His matchless 
teachings and witnessed the miracles proving His Messiahship, and were 
thereby qualified to give reliable testimony concerning Him, that He chose His 
Apostles. In enumerating them, two of the evangelists mention first the names 
of the two brothers. Connected with the Apostle's creed, which is so uni- 
versally adopted by the Greek, Roman and Protestant churches, and so gen- 
erally believed as a summary of Christian faith, there is a legend, that the 
creed was composed by the Apostles at Jerusalem before their separation after 
the day of Pentecost, each one contributing a sentence for the purpose of 
securing unity of teaching in the great outline of the faith they professed. 
The creed consists of twelve articles, and to Peter are ascribed the words : 
11 1 believe in God, the Father Almighty." To Andrew, " and in Jesus Christ., 
his only son, our Lord," and to John, " Suffered under Pontius Pilate." The 
words attributed to Andrew are by some credited to John, while the article 
ascribed to John is named as originating with Andrew, while another writer 
concedes to Andrew the sentence, " who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, 
born of the Virgin Mary." 

After our Lord's ascension, when the x^postles were miraculously endowed 
and qualified for their sacred mission, the vast northern region of Scythia and 
Sogdiana and the neighboring countries was assigned to Andrew, who trav- 
ersed those inhospitable regions upon the dispersion of the Apostles, encoun- 
tering hazards most perilous with an unflinching courage and a pious determi- 
nation, which could only have been inspired by the blessed hope he cherished. 
Concerning St. Andrew's ministry, Origen writes that he preached at Scythia, 
(Russia). St. Jerome, also Eusebius, says he preached at Achaia (Greece), 
Nicophorus, in Asia Minor and Thrace (Turkey in Europe) ; St. Paulinus 
names Argos, where the Apostle preached, silencing their philosophers. 
Other ancient writers name other places as having been visited by him, as 
Sogdiana, Colchis and Epirus. Tradition particularly assigns as the scenes of 
his ministry, Russia, Greece, Asia Minor and Turkey in Europe, which may be 
regarded as the field of his Apostolic labor. Other localities are named 
where he zealously propagated the doctrines of Christianity and confirmed his 
teachings by miracles. At Synope on the Euxine (Black) sea, he was mal- 
treated and suffered great cruelties. The inhabitants became exasperated 
against him, and conspired to burn the house in which he lodged, which design 
was frustrated. They, however, treated him with savage cruelty, throwing him 
to the ground, stamping upon him, pulling and dragging him from place to 
place. He was beaten with clubs, pelted with stones, and there were some so 
demonical and brutish as to be guilty of biting off his flesh with their teeth. 



When supposed to be entirely deprived of life, he was cast aside into a field as 
dead. But he miraculously recovered and returned publicly to the city, where 
he recommenced his labors and wrought miracles. He was eminently success- 
ful. Many believed his teachings and were converted, and became of like 
precious faith with himself. An author quoting from the ancients, says that 
while at this place, Andrew met his brother Peter, and they both remained at 
Synope for some time. The chairs, made of white stone, wherein they were 
accustomed to sit when instructing the people, were existing and commonly 
shown in his time. Andrew afterwards returned to Jerusalem, and from thence 
travelled extensively, encountering many difficulties and great hardships until 
his execution. 

It is believed that he established a church in Byzantium (Constantinople), 
and ordained Stachys, who had been named by Paul as its first Bishop, and 
alluded to in his epistles to the Romans as "My beloved." He was bishop 
sixteen years. Andrew's travels may be succinctly enumerated by stating that 
after leaving Jerusalem, he first journeyed through Cappadocia, Galatia and 
Bithynia, provinces of Asia Minor, continuing along the Euxine Sea, into the 
desert of Scythia. An ancient author writes that he first came to Amynsus, 
where he preached in one of the Jewish Synagogues, next to Trapazium, a 
maritime city on the Euxine Sea, thence after visiting other places he came to 
Nice in Northern Italy, where he remained two years ; then passed to Niesmedia 
and Chalcedon, whence he sailed through the Propontis to the Euxine again, 
and from there to Heraclen, and afterwards to Amastres and thence to Synope. 
Returning to Jerusalem, from thence he travelled over Thrace, Macedonia, 
Thessera, Achaia and Epirus, until he came to Patras, a city of Achaia in 
Greece, where his earthly mission ended, after a very laborious and perilous 
service, which he resolutely conducted with constancy and fidelity. The 
Muscovites claim that St. Andrew carried the Gospel into their country " as 
far as the mouth of the Borysthenes." in Russia, and "to the mountains where 
the city of Kiow now stands, to the frontiers of Poland." They believe that 
he was the first to preach to the Slavonians in Novogorod, also in Sarmatia, 
the vast region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, which includes the most 
considerable portion of Poland, and the whole of Central and Southern 
Russia, except the Crimea and Northern Hungary. 

They honor him as the principal titular saint of the Empire. Peter the 
Great created under Andrew's name, the first as well as the most noble 
order of knighthood, — the Knight of the Blue Ribbon, December 20, 1698, — 
in commemoration of the supposed introduction of Christianity in the Russian 
Empire, by the Apostle Andrew. This order is the highest in rank in the 
Empire, and is confined to members of the Imperial family, princes and the 
chief officers of the realm, being only bestowed by special favor of the 
Emperor. The badge or medal is the figure of St. Andrew on a gold enam- 
elled cross, on the corners of which are four letters S. A. P. R., " Sanctius 
Andreas Patronus Russae." On the reverse is the Imperial Eagle with spread 
wings and double-headed, with the legend, in Russian, "For religion and loy- 
ality," and the name of the Saint. It is fastened to a sky blue ribbon and sus- 
pended fiom the right shoulder towards the left hip^ but at festivals is pendant to a 
collar of gold, composed of square chains and roses. The collar of the order 
consists of St. Andrew crosses alternating with imperial crowns. The Em- 
perors carry a St. Andrew's cross with the figure of the Apostle with a smaller 
cross. Beneath and above may be defined the double-headed emblematic 
eagle, with an inscription, " Peter possessor and autocrat of Russia." The 
decorations have undergone some alterations since the Order of St. Andrew 
was instituted, but the xApostle and his cross have always been the conspicious 



j ewe l — studded with diamonds. The Russian naval flag is distinguished by a 
purple St. Andrew cross on a white ground, another indication of their 
reverence for his memory. 

One of the historians of Scotland (Cullen) says : "There is little doubt but 
Christianity was promulgated very early in Britain, that St. Paul personally 
preached in the island, and that the gospel' was preached in Scotland by St. 
Andrew the Apostle." Christianity was in a flourishing state in Scotland at 
the beginning of the fourth century, when the tenth and last persecution of the 
Christians under Dioclesian raged most furiously. Many of the British Chris- 
tians fled for refuge to Scotland. The sanguinary persecutions commenced 
A. D. 303, and lasted ten years. It was in this persecution that St. George, 
the Patron of England, suffered martyrdom. Having mentioned the countries 
recorded as having been visited by St. Andrew, the termination of his public 
ministry is reached. Pie suffered martyrdom, being crucified at Patras, in 
Achaia, in Greece, by order of Aegeas. the Roman pro-consul, who, enraged 
by his preaching, commanded him to join in sacrifices to the heathen gods, 
and upon his refusal, ordered him to be severely scourged and then crucified, 
a sentence which was executed with peculiar cruelty, — seven lictors alternately 
exerting their strength with the scourge on the Apostle's shoulders. To make 
his death the more lingering, he was fastened to the cross with cords, instead 
of the customary nails. He survived the terrible torture two days, and while 
strength endured, praised God and exhorted those who witnessed his suffer- 
ings to repentance and faith — teaching and instructing them in the way of 
life. He welcomed the cross and the martyr's crown, and exultantly accepted 
the fate that awaited him. Great interest was manifested to spare his life, but 
the Apostle earnestly desired to depart, and to seal with his blood, the truth of 
the religion he professed. His body is said to have been embalmed and hon- 
orably intombed by Maximillia, who had embraced the Christian religion, — a 
lady of " quality and estate," believed to be the wife of the pro-consul who 
had caused his death. 

Patras is described as a " city seated on a hill, near the sea." It is a forti- 
fied seaport in Greece, on the Gulf of Patras, and the principal entry of its 
foreign trade. "One of its churches is traditionally connected with the martyr- 
dom of St. Andrew, and is greatly resorted to by devotees." In ancient 
times the goddess Diana was worshipped at Patras. The cruel custom of 
sacrificing to her yearly, " a most beautiful young man and maid," was con- 
tinued until by the preaching of St. Andrew, Eusypilus was converted to Chris- 
tianity, when that wicked superstition ceased. 

The account of the Apostle's martyrdom is given in the "Acts of his 
Passion," — said to have been written by the presbyters and deacons of Achaia, 
present at the time — a work of great antiquity, being mentioned by Philastrius 
about 380. The Apostle had been eminently successful in his mission. 
Multitudes had fallen off from paganism and embraced the Christian faith, 
among whom are mentioned the pro-consul's wife (Maximillia) and his brother 
(Stratocles), which caused Aegeas great rage and displeasure, and hence his 
cruel treatment of the Apostle. 

The cross on which the Apostle was suspended, was made of two pieces of 
timber crossing each other obliquely in the centre in the form of the letter X, 
" cms decussata" and from this the St. Andrew's cross derived its name. It 
is supposed that the Apostle expired on the 30th day of November, in the 
year 69. His remains were afterwards removed to Constantinople by Constan- 
tine the Great, and buried vvith great solemnity in the great church he had 
erected in honor of the Apostles, where they remained till the year 369, when 
it is said an Abbot, named Regulus, who was a pious Greek devotee, caused 



them to be removed to Scotland, or at least certain relics of the Saint ; said to 
be the arm bone, three fingers of the right hand and three toes, and deposited 
them in the church, with a monastery which he erected to the memory of St. 
Andrew at Abernethy, where now is established the city of St. Andrew, in the 
county of Fife, with its far-famed ..University, the most ancient of the 
four Scottish Universities, and believed to be the only one in Europe where 
theology is the sole study. The city originated from the Abbey, which was in 
a flourishing condition when the University of St. Andrew was founded, about 
the year 141 1. It was to this church of St. Regulus, that pilgrims from 
foreign countries resorted in the early ages. " Hungas, King of the Picts," 
about the year 809, in acknowledgment for great success which he had achieved 
in battle, gave to this church the See of Kilrule, the tenth part of his domin- 
ion, and directed that the cross of St. Andrew should thenceforth be the badge 
of the country. Kenneth II, King of the Scots, having conquered the 
Picts, whose capital was at Abernethy, extinguished their kingdom in North 
Britain in 845, and transferred the seat of government from Abernethy to the 
town of Kilrule, changing its name to St. Andrew, and ordering that the 
Bishop of St. Andre >v should be the chief in the kingdom. He also "repaired 
and richly endowed the church of St. Regulus, in which the arm of St. 
Andrew was reverently kept." 

According to an ancient legend or tradition, it is pretended that Hungas, 
who reigned over the Picts in Scotland in the 9th century, had a vision (833) the 
night preceding one of his battles, in which the Apostle Andrew appeared and 
promised to him a decisive victory, assuring him that a token or a sign 
should appear over the Pictish host, representing a cross fashioned as the one 
upon which St. Andrew suffered. Hungas, awaking, looked up to the sky, and 
saw the promised cross, as did all of both armies. The vision when related 
greatly encouraged the Picts, and the appearance of the cross terrified the 
army of King Athelstan, who was killed in the ensuing battle. After achieving 
victory, Hungas, to express his thankfulness for prevailing over the King of the 
ancient Saxions, went in solemn procession to the Kirk of St. Andrew, to ren- 
der thanks to God and His Apostle for the victory, and with the Picts on that 
occasion vowed for themselves and their posterity, that from henceforth in 
time of war, they should wear as a badge of cognizance the cross of St. Andrew. 
Hungas as a further expression of thankfulness, gave to the church of Regulus 
divers rich gifts, including many to adorn the church, and also " a case of 
beaten gold for preserving the relics of St. Andrew." John Leslie, Bishop of 
Ross, Scotland, says that the cross of St. Andrew " appeared to Achaius, King 
of the Scots, and Hungas, King of the Picts, the night before the battle was 
fought betwixt them and Athelstane, King of England, as they were on their 
knees in prayer." 

The See of St. Andrew was established in 518 ; and the city ot St. Andrew, 
became the seat of the Scottish primacy, and therefore the ecclesiastical met- 
ropolis of the kingdom. The origin of the city was in the very early period I 
have named. The legend concerning it, is that Regulus, the Greek monk of 
Patrae in Achaia, about the year 370, was commanded by a vision from heaven 
to leave his own country for the island of Albion, the ancient name of Great 
Britain, and there preach the gospel to the Picts. Having passed through the 
Mediterranean, and coasted along the shores of Spain and France, he entered the 
German Ocean, where after a tedious and tempestuous passage, he was 
shipwrecked in the Bay now called St. Andrew, and with difficulty reached the 
shore, accompanied by his companions, a few monks, and the small box 
which contained the relics of the Apostle Andrew. Hergustus, who was then 
King of the Picts, received the strangers graciously, and in a short time em- 



7 

braced the Christian religion, as did a great part of his subjects. He after- 
wards presented St. Regulus with one of his palaces and some lands, and built 
him a church, of which the ruins still exist at St. Andrew, bearing the 
name of Regulus. The companions of Regulus are named as Damianus, a 
priest, Gelasius, Tubaculus and Mermacus, deacons, Nerinus and Elisenius, 
a Cretian, Merinus and Silvaneus his brother, monks by profession, and eight 
other persons, five hermits and three devoted virgins. Regulus lived here 
thirty-two years, and established the first Christian priests of the country called 
Culdees, signifying " God's servants." They were generally married men — 
pious and indefatigable, and respected for their zeal and virtues. Regulus 
changed the name of the church and place from Kilrymout to Kilrule. 

Kenneth to whom reference has been made as having translated the Episco- 
pal See which the Picts had established at Abernethy, to St. Andrew, died in 
854. As an item of Scottish history, I will mention that the marble stone 
which Fergus, the first King of Scotland, had placed at Argyle about 330 years 
before the Christian era, Kenneth caused to be removed to Scone, by the river 
Tay, about two miles north of Perth, and had it enclosed in a wooden chair in 
which the Kings of Scotland were afterwards crowned. It was removed to 
England by King Edward I., in 1 29 7, together with the Scotch sceptre and crown. 
This famous stone was originally brought from Spain to Ireland, from whence 
Fergus came, and had been preserved at Argyle and Scone for many centuries. 
It is claimed by some, as being the veritable Jacob's Pillow, brought to 
Ireland by the prophet Jeremiah, afterwards known as St. Patriarch or St. Patrick. 
It is quite a large marble block fitted in the chair, below the seat, and is fully 
exposed to view. It is now in the Chapel of St. Edward, in Westminister 
Abbey, and is known as the coronation chair in which all the reigning sover- 
eigns of England have been crowned since Edward the First. When in 
London in 1873, I had the privilege of inspecting this ancient relic. 

In the records of the duchy of Burgundy it is mentioned that the cross of 
St. Andrew, made of Olive wood, was removed from Achaia, the place of the 
Apostle's crucifixion, and deposited in a nunnery at Weaune, near. Marseilles ; 
but was lost during the Moorish invasion, and subsequently rediscovered by 
Hugues, a monk, and placed in the Abbey of St. Victoria xMarseilles in the year 
1250, where it is now venerated. A part thereof enclosed in " a silver case, 
gilt," was carried to Brussels in 1433, by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 
who obtained at great cost " the precious relic." In honor of it he instituted 
his famous order of chivalry, known as the vi Knights of the Golden Fleece," 
and placed it under the protection of the Apostle ; his knights wearing as a 
badge the figure of a cross which is called St. Andrew's cross or the cross of 
Burgundy. On the occasion of the Duke's marriage, January 10, 1433, the 
order was consecrated to the Virgin Mary and the Apostle Andrew. This por- 
tion of the supposed cross is now at Tourney, in Belgium. 

There are many improbable stories by frivolous authors ; but the student of 
history can collect from the church antiquaries authentic accounts concerning 
the Apostles and their contemporaries. It is to be regretted that many of the 
ancient ecclesiastical works to which reference is made by the early 
writers, are not now extant, but many credible and unquestioned sayings have 
been transmitted to us. Gregory, Bishop of Tours, reported that on the anni- 
versary day of St. Andrew's martyrdom, there was wont to flow from his tomb, 
" a most fragrant and precious oil, Avhich according to its quantity denoted the 
scarceness or plenty of the following year; and that the sick being anointed 
with the oil were restored to their former health." It has been suggested that if 
any semblance of truth attaches to the story, it was merely an " exhalation 
and sweating forth at some time of those rare and costjy perfumes and oint- 



8 

ment wherewith his body was embalmed." It was after this record that the body 
of the Apostle was removed to Constantinople by Constantine, in the year 337. 
and buried in the church which was built by him, and taken down some hun- 
dred years thereafter by Emperor Justinian, in order to its reparation, at which 
time the body of Andrew was found in a wooden coffin, and was again depos- 
ited in its proper place. There is another record concerning the relics of St. 
Andrew, which states that when the city of Constantinople was captured by 
the French, Cardinal Peter of Capua, brought the relics of St. Andrew from 
thence into Italy in 1210, and deposited them in the Cathedral of Amalphi. 

George Phranza, the last of the Byzantine historians, relates that when the 
Turks became masters of Constantinople, " Thomas the Despot," in going 
from Greece into Italy, carried with him the head of St. Andrew and presented 
it to Pope Pius II. in the year 146 1, who allotted to him a monastery lor his 
dwelling with a competent revenue. 

In the early ages the bones of the Saints were greatly venerated, especially 
those supposed to belong to an Apostle. In addition to the disposition already 
named, it is stated that an arm bone of St. Andrew was given to St Gregory 
the Great, by Tiberius II ; another was deposited at Notre Dame at Paris ; and 
other bones < I istri buted to certain churches and monasteries at Bordeaux, Rheims, 
Brussels, Orleans, Milan, Aix, and other places, which consider themselves en- 
riched by their possession. 

It is represented that at the time Constantinople was taken, and the relics 
of St. Andrew dispersed, a lively and intense enthusiasm for the Apostle was 
excited throughout all Christendom. The inspired account of St. Andrew is 
confined to a few verses in the Gospels :( — Matthew 4 : 18 — 10 : 2 ; Mark 1 : 
16 — 29 — 13 : 3 — 3 : 18 ; Luke 5 : 2 — 6 : 14 ; John 1 : 35, 40, 44 — 6 : 8-9 — 
12 : 22 ; — Acts 1 : 13.) The apparent discrepancy (in John 1 : 40, 41, with 
Matthew 4 : 18 and Mark 1 : 16,) where Andrew and Peter appear to have been 
called together is easily reconciled. St. John relates the first introduction of 
the brothers to Jesus ; the other evangelists their formal call to follow Him in 
his ministry ; In the catalogue of the x^postles, Andrew appears in Matthew 
(10:2, Luke 6:14,) as second, next after his brother Peter ; but in Mark (3:18, 
Acts 1 : 13,) as fourth, following Peter, James and John, and in company with 
Philip, which is probably considered by some as his real place of dignity 
among the Apostles ; but St. Andrew, Scotland's illustrious patron — that grand 
and intrepid Apostle of the primitive church, stands pre-eminent as the " first 
born of the Apostolic quire." He had the distinguished honor of being the 
first disciple who came to Jesus — the first Christian believer — the first preacher 
of the Gospel under the new dispensation, and fully represented in himself the 
first complete embodiment of the Christian church in miniature. 

Nicephorus pretends on the authority of Euodius, who was St. Peter's im- 
mediate successor in the See of Antioch for twenty-three years, and in whose 
time the disciples were first called Christians, " that of all the Apostles, Christ 
baptized none but Peter with his own hands ; that Peter baptized Andrew and 
the two sons of Zebedee, and they the rest of the Apostles." Baronius, how- 
ever, contends that the Epistle of Euodius was " altogether unknown to any of 
the ancients." There is a book bearing the title of "'The Acts of Andrew " 
as well the " Gospel of St. Andrew," which by a decree of Pope Galasius, was 
declared apocryphal ; and " The Acts of Andrew and Matthew," are also 
regarded as spurious. Cardinal M'Closky in a sermon on the " Immaculate 
Conception," December 7, 1877, refers to "the earliest liturgies of the 
church, in the liturgy of St. James and in that of St. Andrew." 

Each of the Apostles had his mission. Continuing with the Saviour until 
the crucifixion, the world was so divided after the day of Pentecost, as to 



give to each of them his respective field of labor, and they then entered upon 
their public ministry. Biographical brevity is characteristic of New Testament 
history. The record of each of the Apostles and early disciples is limited, and 
only elaborated in the case of Peter and Paul, one representing the circumcision, 
and called the " Apostle of the Circumcision," the other the uncircumcision, to 
whom, (according to Gal. 2 : 7,) " the Gospel of the uncircumcision was com- 
mitted." 

Andrew in his first following of Jesus, was not so constant in his attendance 
as to prevent him from continuing his occupation as a fisherman. He had 
stood with John when he bore testimony to the divinity, the humanity and the 
office of One among them " whom they knew not." He was with him at the 
Ford of Bethabara, when he announced : " Behold the Lamb of God ; " and 
when he bore record : " This is the Son of God." After which Andrew " findeth 
his own brother Simon," saying unto him, " We have found the Messiah." 
When Andrew's constant presence became necessary, he was formally called 
by the Master and accompanied Him in his journeyings, and was an eye and 
ear witness of His wonderful acts and sayings, saw His miracles, listened to 
His teachings, heard His discourses, and conversed freely with Him, thereby 
becoming thoroughly prepared for the great work which was graciously assigned 
to him. 

In the calling to the Apostleship of Matthew, James and John, Peter and 
Andrew are specially and prominently mentioned, while the circumstances 
attending the calling of the other seven are not recorded. On account of the 
priority assigned to Peter, it has been supposed that he was the oldest of the 
Apostles ; but there are writers who consider Andrew to have been older 
than his brother. He is generally represented as younger. There is no 
scriptural authority on the subject. 

St. Andrew was styled by the Cretes the " First Called." He was emphati- 
cally the " First Missionary," for when St. John the Baptist saluted the Saviour, 
Andrew followed Him, and " abode with Him that day." Immediately on being 
convinced that Jesus was the Messiah, he started to communicate the glad 
tidings to others, and persuaded them to come and see for themselves. The 
promptness and alacrity of the Apostle has been suggestive, for in some cities, 
particularly in Montreal and New York, 1 have read of " Philip and Andrew 
Societies," whose specific work is to bring persons to the Saviour. These 
brotherhoods connected with local churches are active and aggressive, and are 
appropriately named, because Philip and Andrew early exemplified a true 
missionary spirit. 

The names of Philip and i\ndrew are intimately associated with 
the Greeks who desired to (i See Jesus," which occurred during the last days 
of the Saviour's ministry in the courts of the Temple, in the presence of 
Andrew and these Greeks who had come to Jerusalem to the feast of the Pass- 
over, and were called " proselytes of the gate or covenant." The Father de- 
clared the third time His love for the Beloved Son, by an audible voice, thus 
convincing the Greeks, who were to be the first fruits of the Gentiles, that 
Jesus was the Messiah. Andrew having been a disciple of St. John the 
Baptist before the advent of Jesus as a public teacher, and probably a mem- 
ber of the sect to which John belonged — the Essenian, a Jewish sect of mystics, 
ascetics, — may ''account for the learning " and ability which he subsequently 
exhibited in his public ministry. 

THE THISTLE. 

The Thistle is the National emblem of Scotland, and evoked from her illus- 
trious bard the tribute : — 



10 

" The rough burr thistle spreading wide 

Among the bearded bear, 
1 turned the weeder — clips aside, 

An spar'd the symbol dear." 

The Scottish order of Knighthood known as "The Thistle," has for its prin- 
cipal decoration, a gold collar composed of sixteen thistles, interlaced with 
sprigs of rue ; to which are suspended a small image of St. Andrew, and this 
Saint's cross of silver. In the centre of this is a thistle surrounded by the 
motto of the Order, from which emanate silver rays forming a star. The 
motto of the Order, as also that of Scotland, is a Latin inscription, " Nemo me 
impune lacessit" — no one insults me with impunity. The institution of the 
order in honor of St. Andrew, is attributed by the Scots to King Achaias in 
the 8th century, in memory of an appearance in the heavens of a bright cross 
resembling that whereon St. Andrew suffered martyrdom, — seen by Achaias 
the night before he gained a victory over Athelstan, King of Northumberland, 
the first who called himself King of England. He died in 940. The intro- 
duction of the order has also been attributed to the same King (Achaias), as 
commemorative of a famous league of amity he formed with Charlemagne 
(Charles the Great), King of France, he having selected as a badge "The 
Thistle and the Rue." It has also been suggested that Charles VII, of France, 
who reigned 1403-1461, having received great assistance from Scot- 
land, renewed the league of amity which had been entered into with Achaias, 
the 65th King of Scotland, who had died in 809. Authors are divided as to the 
origin of the order ; but it was no doubt instituted in 787 ; restored about 1540, 
by James V, of Scotland, who was " the handsomest and most chivalrous 
Prince of his times;" revived May 29, 1687, by King James VII (II 
of England) ; and reestablished by Queen Anne, December 31, 1703. This 
order also called the Order of St. Andrew ; was accessable only to the 
Peers. It dates at least from the time of King Robert II, 1370-90, whose 
coin bore the cross and image of St. Andrew. The order as a regular ' organ- 
ized knightly fraternity," is conceded as existing in the reign of King James 
VII, in 1687. By a statute passed in May, 1827, the order consists of the 
sovereign and sixteen knights. It is contended by some that the badge of the 
Thistle may not have been worn before the reign of James III, and was 
not probably connected with any distinct order of knighthood previous to 
James V, 1540. If the Thistle and the Rue, as one writer claims, were 
once symbols of two different orders, one " The Thistle," with the present 
motto ; the other "The Garland of Rue," it is certain that from the collars of 
both hung one and the same jewel, the figure of St. Andrew bearing his 
cross. The Thistles, which no one could touch without being hurt, was in 
the badge significantly associated with the Rue, the antidote for poison. 

The Andrew cross is worn in their hats, by the people of Scotland, on the 
day of the feast of the Saint. It consists of blue and white ribbons disposed 
with a cross, aud is intended as a commemoration of his crucification. I have 
before me seven ancient copper coins with three thistles on one stalk, one 
bearing date 1678, another 1692. The other five pieces are older but without 
date, or the dates cannot be deciphered, and are quite crude and irregular in 
workmanship, having been made and stamped by hand, machinery not being 
used in coining at the early period they were made. One of the gold coins 
issued by King Robert II, 1371-90, was called " St. Andrew's," and bore the 
image of the Saint on his cross. Another was issued with only a St. Andrew 
cross. The " St. Andrew's " of Robert III, 1390-1406, has the figure of the 
Saint on the cross. The " St. Andrew's Half," differs by representing the 
Saint with his arms extended, but without the cross. The gold coinage of 



II 

James I dates from 1433, and has on the reverse side a small St. Andrew's 
cross. In 1451, the gold issue of " St. Andrew's" and its half (James II.), 
bore on the reverse oi each a figure of the Saint. The gold coinage of James 
III, 1460-67, consisted of a "' St. Andrew's" and the "St. Andrew's Half." 
In 1468, the Billon «Black and half Plack appeared, bearing a St. Andrew's 
cross in centre on the reverse side. In 1488, James IV, the " St. Andrew's " 
bore the image of the Saint, with a glory round his head, together with his 
cross which reached to the outer edge of the coin. In the last coinage 
of James IV, 1 5 1 2, appeared the Billon Black, representing the Saint and cross in 
each quarter. In the second issue of the same year, the Saint and cross appear 
in the centre. In 1677-81, some of the coins were adorned with a St. Andrew's 
cross passing through a'crown, and have the thistle design. Other coins might 
be mentioned with somewhat similar devices. Towards the close of the last 
century, a large number of copper tokens were circulated as coin, by private 
corporations and individuals. One of the Edinburgh half penny tokens re- 
presents St. Andrew carrying his cross in front of him, with the erect thistle on 
either side. It had also on the rim the motto of the order. The Russian 
quarter roubles of Beter the Great, of 1701, had an eagle with a St. Andrew's 
cross around his neck. The roubles of 1723 had the Grand Ribbon of the order 
of St. Andrew; of 1724, the Star of the order of St. Andrew. Peter the Great 
died in 1725, and his widow Catharine I, had new designs, and among the 
adornments, the broad Ribbon and Star of St. Andrew. In 1 731-41, on the half 
roubles of Anna, the broad ribbon of the order of St. Andrew is worn by the 
figure in armor. In 1741, a Russian coin has a small bust, draped, and wear- 
ing the ribbon and badge of St. Andrew. These references to coins may not 
be deemed pertinent to our subject ; but being interesting in connection 
with the Saint, may be regarded as permissible. 

There is a tradition that " The Thistle" was first suggested as the national 
emblem, by a circumstance which occurred during the invasion of Scotland by 
the Norseman (Danes). Meditating the surprise of a Scottish camp, at night, 
and while the main force were halting, a spy in endeavoring to discover the 
undefended points, stepped with bare feet upon a thistle, which caused such 
pain that his loud and involuntary exclamation prevented a surprise by arous- 
ing the "unsuspecting Scots," who immediately attacked and repulsed the inva- 
ders and obtained a complete victory. The Scotch thistle {crucus acauties) 
was recognized as instrumental to their success, and has since been regarded 
as the heraldic badge of Scotland. 

The " Wisconsin Historical Collections " (vol. 4,) refer to a relic of the Scotch 
rebellion, which is deposited in the rooms of the Historical Society of that 
State, at Madison. It is " a portion of an old red silk flag, bearing date in 
gilt figures 1719, which is four years later than the Scotch rebellion of 1 715 ;" 
" also the Scotch Thistle in gilt and the Latin motto of the Order of the This- 
tle or Knights of St. Andrew." It was obtained from a Captain Clarkson, of 
Ceresco, Wisconsin, a lineal descendent of its original owner. By distinct tradition 
of the family through whom the ancient flag has been handed down, it was used 
in the memorable Scottish rebellion of 1745, and was in the fatal defeat of 
Brince Charlie at Culloden, soon after which its early possessors — the Clarkson 
family — migrated to New England, bringing this interesting relic with them. 
There is also recorded in Brewster's " Rambles about Bortsmouth," New 
Hampshire, (vol. I), an interesting account of two brothers, Andrew and John 
Clarkson, who occupied a spacious old framed house with gambrel-roof which 
I well remember to have frequently shunned in my boyhood days as haunted. 
In 1835, the grand old mansion, long unoccupied, was demolished. The 
Clarksons are represented as natives of Scotland, and men of distinction. 



12 

Andrew " enlisted under the banner of the Pretender, and was an ensign in 
his army." He " came to this country in the year 171 7, and brought with him 
the colors belonging to his company." Whether or not the two accounts refer 
to the same flag, I am unable to determine. A discrepency in dates exists ; but 
this might occur in statesments derived from traditional and not published 
sources. 

Masonry honors St. Andrew ; records his name in her calendar and 
observes St. Andrew's clay. Many lodges bear his appellation, and none more 
worthy than the " Lodge of St. Andrew," of Boston, Mass., which obtained its 
charter from the Grand Lodge of Masons in Scotland, November 30, 1756, 
and is noted for its excellency of membership, munificence in charity, and 
proficiency in Masonry. Enrolled upon its scroll of membership are the names 
of many men of renown, Joseph Warren and Paul Revere being 
conspicuous. The twenty-ninth degree in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish 
Rite of Free Masonry, is known as the order of " Grand Scottish Knight of 
St. Andrew." The banner of the order is white, fringed with gold, with a St. 
Andrew's cross in green on each side. The dress of the knights, in part, is a 
crimson robe, having embroidered on the left breast a large white St. Andrew's 
cross ; the jewels, a St. Andrew's cross of gold, with a large emerald in the cen- 
tre, surmounted by the helmet of a knight, and with a thistle of gold between the 
arms at the bottom. The lessons of the order teach humility, patience and 
self-denial as essential' virtues ; also, charity, clemency and generosity, as well 
as virtue, truth and honor, as most excellent qualities which should characterize 
all so distinguished in Masonry as the " Grand Scottish Knights of St. Andrew." 
The order was established by King Robert Bruce, in 13 14, and was first com- 
posed of persecuted brethren of the order of the " House of the Temple at 
Jerusalem," "The Knighthood of the Temple of Solomon " or of "The 
Knights of the Temple," was established in 11 18, and declared heretical by 
Pope Clement V, at the instance of Philip the Fair of France, in 1307. The 
members of the order in that country, were imprisoned, many executed, more 
tortured and all impoverished. In most of the European States their property 
had been confiscated, and their leaders incarcerated, which caused the perse- 
cuted brethren to leave their homes and lay aside the garb of the "Temple." 
In England, King Edward proscribed them, unless they entered the Perfectories 
of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem or of the Hospital. In Scotland, 
however, they found protection, and joined the army with which King Robert 
Bruce resisted the invasion of Scotland by Edward II, of England. The 
battle of Bannockburn was fought on the 24th of June, 13 14. In recognition 
of tie heroic aid of the Templars on that memorable day, Bruce created, and 
then received them into, the Order of St. Andrew-du-chardon (of the thistle) . 
of Scotland, which was afterwards annexed to the degree ol the Rite of 
Herodum, which concealed the real name of the order " The Holy House uf 
the Temple at Jerusalem." When the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite was 
finally organized by those in possession of the degree of the Rites of Herodum 
and Perfection and other Rites, and detached degrees that had been from time 
to time established in Scotland, France, Germany and elsewhere, the order of 
" Grand Scottish Knights of St. Andrew," became the twenty-ninth of the new 
Rite formed by selecting from the different rites and observances, seven degrees 
in addition to the twenty-five of Perfection, and created the thirty-third as the 
supreme and last degree to rule the whole. 

The Standard of Great Britain is formed by the union of the three crosses 
of St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick. It is called the great Union Flag 
of the Empire of Great Britain. It is recorded that the flag called the Great 
Union, raised by Washington at Cambridge, Mass., January 2, 1776, consisted 



T 3 

of thirteen alternate red and white stripes of the present flag of the United 
States, with the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew emblazoned on the blue 
canton in place of the stars. 

Many churches likewise bear the manly and exalted name of St. Andrew. 
Near by my own New Hampshire home, there stands a little church, not far from 
the ragged headlands ; and as the prayers of its worshippers ascend on high, the 
grand old ocean, that great wonder of the Creator, beats its ceaseless monotone 
as it laves the pebbly beach and thunders along the rocky coast. To this 
sacred edifice, recently erected, has been given the appropriate name of " St. 
Andrew's by the Sea." 

.At Madrid, in the Museo-del-Rey, are collected forty-five pictures by Murillo, 
the celebrated Spanish painter (1618-1682) ; one deserving special mention, 
is the Martyrdom of St. Andrew. It is described as " painted in small pro- 
portions, and is one of the best of the atrial style ; a silver tint, which seems 
showered down from heaven by the angels holding out the palm of immortality 
to St. Andrew, who is being crucified, pervades every object, softens the out- 
lines, harmonizes the tints and gives the whole scene a cloudy and fantastic 
appearance, which is full of charms." In the collection of Mr. Miles at Leigh 
Court, is another painting by Murillo exhibiting St. Andrew suspended on a high 
cross, formed of the trunks of trees laid transversly. This is described as a 
work of great beauty and very effective. I would here remark that all author- 
ities are not agreed concerning the form of the cross. One says it was an 
Olive tree and not a cross formed of plank. " The Martyrdom of St. Andrew " 
and the Saint preaching the Gospel, by Jaun-de-Roelas, are also mentioned as 
splendid productions of art. In the Hampton Court Palace, were deposited 
seven cartoons which were brought to England by King Charles the First from 
Brussels, in 1629, at the suggestion of Rubens, the distinguished Flemish paint- 
er. They were the composition of " Raphael the Divine," and prepared by 
that Prince of Painters, who is recognized as without a rival. He designed in 
the years 15 13-16, twenty-five scenes executed in colors, representing Gospel 
subjects, which were copied at Brussels, by being woven in tapestry fourteen 
to eighteen feet in length and twelve in height. Several are preserved at the 
Vatican at Rome, and in the European courts. Among the number formerly 
at Hampton Palace, but now exhibited at South Kensington Museum, is one 
representing " Christ calling Peter and Andrew," but more generally known as 
"The Miraculous Draught of Fishes," in which the Saviour, Peter and Andrew 
are in one boat, and Zebedee and his sons James and John in another. They 
are the prominent and absorbing features of the sketch, which is particularly 
distinguished as having all of Raphael's characteristics of " simplicity, perspicuity, 
emphatic expression and clear developement of the story it illustrates." In 
Leonardo-de-Vinci's celebrated picture of the Lord's supper, which is painted 
upon the walls of the Refectory of the Dominican Convent at Milan, Italy, 
and was completed in 1492, the position of St. Andrew is next to Philip, who 
is near the end of the table earnestly looking at Jesus. Andrew is seated with 
his elbows resting upon the table. 

In the ancient Greek types and in the old Mosaics, St. Andrew is represented 
as aged, with flowing white hair and beard, and is distinguished by the trans- 
versed cross. Since the fourteenth century, in the devotional pictures in which 
St. Andrew figures, he is represented as a very old man, his hair and beard 
silver white, long, loose and flowing ; and in general the beard is divided. He 
leans upon his cross, and holds the Gospel in his right hand. " St. Andrew 
adoring his cross," by Andrea Sacchi, which is in the gallery of the Vatican at 
Rome, is remarkable "for its simplicity and fine expression." Guido painted 
in fresco in the Chapel of St. Andrea in the Church of St. Gregorio, at Rome, " St. 






H 

Andrew's Adoration of his Cross," and on the opposite wall Domenichius paint- 
ed the "Flagellation of St. Andrew." Fie also painted the same subject in 
the Church of St. Andrea-della-Valle, in somewhat different style, choosing 
another " moment of the torture." and in the same church the crucifixtion 
of the Saint and his apotheosis surmounting the whole. Correggio, 
the great Italian painter, secured additional lustre to his name by his matchless /to 
genius he displayed in delineating the Apostles. " The calling of St. Peter and 
St. Andrew." by Masaccio and Guido, 1407-43, now in the church of the Car- 
melites at Florence, are very celebrated. " The Communion of the Apostles," 
by Ribera. an Italian artist at Naples, in San Mantino, is also considered a master- 
piece. Cespeda's painting of "The Last Supper," has a marked reputa- 
tion. In the mediaeval pictures, the Apostles are represented by distinc- 
tive badges or appendages, as Peter with the keys, James the son of Zebedee 
(James the Greater) with a pilgrim's staff and a gourd bottle, John with a cup 
and a winged serpent flying out of it, Philip with a long staff shaped like a 
cross, Bartholomew with a knife, Thomas with a lance, Matthew with a hatchet, 
James the son of Alpheus (James the Less) with a fuller's pole, Lebbeas whose 
surname was Thaddeus (St. Jude) with a club, Simon the Canaanite with a saw, 
Matthias with a battle-axe, St. Paul with a sword. St. Andrew is represented 
in all pictures and sculptures with a cross. 

I have thus enumerated a few of the famous paintings by the great masters 
in which St. Andrew is a prominent figure. In the collections of paintings, 
mosaics, engravings, sculpture, carvings and castings, which are extensively dis- 
persed over Europe and constitute one of the greatest attractions of its lead- 
ing cities, there are a large number in which he is represented grouped 
with other Saints, or isolated and alone with his cross. I have had the 
privilege of seeing most of these notable works of arl to which I have referred. 

In considering the life and character of St. Andrew, alike renowned in 
sacred and profane history, I have briefly recounted the prominent events of 
his Apostleship, the fortitude and fidelity which characterized his mission, and 
the patience and heroism exhibited at his martyrdom ; the respect paid to his 
memory by the potentates of earth ; the reverence of a nation whose Patron he 
became; the veneration of communities incorporated by his name ; and the 
tributes of genius in symbolizing through the medium of form the qualities 
which distinguished him. He has been delineated on the canvas, sculptured in 
marble, wrought in mosaics, woven in tapestry, emblematized on coin, carved 
in wood, engraved on stone and cast in bronze. Temples of piety, houses of 
mercy, and institutions of learning, have been dedicated to his memory. 
Societies, religious and secular, perpetuate his name — a name which must ever 
be sacred in Christian annals ; illustrious on the martyrs' scroll ; conspicu- 
ous in the orders instituted by men ; and inestimably dear to the Christian 
heart as an eminent exemplar of a divinely religious faith. His name, 
"Written in the Book of Life," shines "as the brightness of the firnament," 
and will endure the stars forever and ever." 

When I commenced to note my thoughts and examine my collections relat- 
ing to the illustrious Saint whose name we all revere, I had no purpose of 
writing so extended a sketch. It has been collated from scriptural and histori-' 
cal sources, as well as traditional and legendary records. I have not attempted 
to question the authenticity of any of the statements I have consulted as to the 
history of St. Andrew, or to discredit in the least whatever has been ascribed to 
him, but have given such scriptural and historical facts, as well as traditional 
reports, as I have been able to gather from the materials within my reach relat- 
ing to him ; and I shall now leave it to you to discriminate between what is 
known to be historical truth and what may be mere fiction. Llaving been deeply 



is 

interested in considering the subject and in the preparation of this sketch, I 
trust I have been successful in enlisting your interest, without exhausting your 
patience by its recital, and that it may have imparted some information which 
will be new concerning St. Andrew the Apostle, and the patron Saint of 
Scotland. 



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